Stage 2 (instrumental-relativist orientation) in Kohlberg's theory is described as:

Stage 2 (instrumental-relativist orientation) in Kohlberg's theory is described as:

• A. Obeys rules to avoid punishment.
• B. Follows universal ethical principles.
• C. Conforms to rules to obtain rewards or favors returned.
• D. Follows authority to maintain social order.

Answer: (C)

In Kohlberg's instrumental-relativist orientation, morality is about personal gain and reciprocity. People follow rules because doing so tends to bring them rewards or favors in return, rather than out of loyalty to abstract duties or to uphold social order. This describes a pragmatic, give-and-take view of right and wrong: I conform to rules because it benefits me now or so someone will return a favor later. By comparison, obeying to avoid punishment focuses on avoiding negative consequences, universal principles involve abstract rights beyond personal gain, and following authority to maintain social order emphasizes duty to the system rather than personal reciprocity.

In Kohlberg's instrumental-relativist orientation, morality is about personal gain and reciprocity. People follow rules because doing so tends to bring them rewards or favors in return, rather than out of loyalty to abstract duties or to uphold social order. This describes a pragmatic, give-and-take view of right and wrong: I conform to rules because it benefits me now or so someone will return a favor later. By comparison, obeying to avoid punishment focuses on avoiding negative consequences, universal principles involve abstract rights beyond personal gain, and following authority to maintain social order emphasizes duty to the system rather than personal reciprocity.